Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Jaybird Mining Co. v. Weir

Jaybird Mining Co. v. Weir, 271 U.S. 609 (1926)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1926-06-07
Topic
general

Mr. .Justice Butler delivered the opinion of the Court. The mining company sued in the District Court of Ottawa County to recover a tax of $2,319.80 paid under protest.- The County Treasurer demurred to the petition asserting that it failed to state a cause of action. The demurrer was overruled, and judgment was given for the plaintiff. Oil appeal to th^ highest court of the State the *612judgment was reversed. 104 Okla. 271. The case is here on writ of error. § 237, Judicial Code.

Citator

Jaybird Mining Co. v. Weir has been questioned or limited by later authorities: relies on overruled authority: 235 U.S. 292 (overruled by Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Texas Co.). Read them before relying on it. 71 later decisions cite it.

Authority status
caution
Cited by
71 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Constitutional Law — Intergovernmental Tax Immunity Where mining land owned by incompetent Quapaw Indians under a patent containing restrictions against alienation was leased on their behalf with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, under the Act of June 7, 1897, to a mining company for a royalty or percentage of the gross proceeds from the sale of ores mined, a state ad valorem tax assessed to the lessee on ores mined and remaining in the bins on the land before sale, at a time when the royalties or equitable interests of the Indians had not been paid or segregated, is void as an attempt to tax an agency or instrumentality of the Federal Government. 271 U.S. at 612
  2. Constitutional Law — State Taxation of Federal Instrumentalities A lessee who mines restricted Indian land under a lease made in furtherance of the government's duty to protect and develop the property of its Indian wards is an agency or instrumentality employed by the Federal Government, and the State may not tax the ores in which the Indians retain an unsegregated royalty interest. 271 U.S. at 611-612
  3. Civil Procedure — Review of State Court Judgments Where a writ of error lies to review the judgment of a state court of last resort, the judgment is reviewable by writ of error, and a petition for certiorari presented from abundance of caution will be denied. 271 U.S. at 614
JAYBIRD MINING CO.v. WEIR,271 U.S. 609(1926)
46 S.Ct. 592
JAYBIRD MINING COMPANYv. WEIR, COUNTY TREASURER.
ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF OKLAHOMA.
No. 293.
Argued April 29, 1926.
Decided June 7, 1926.
1. Where mining land owned by incompetent Quapaw Indians under a patent subject to a restriction against alienation, was leased on their behalf with the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, under the Act of June 7, 1897, to a mining company in consideration of a royalty or percentage of the gross proceeds to be derived from sale of ores mined, a statead valoremtax assessed to the lessee on ores mined and in the bins on the land, before sale and when the royalties or equitable interests of the Indians had not been paid or segregated, is void, as an attempt to tax an agency of the Federal Government. P. 612. 2. Judgment of state courtheldreviewable by writ of error, and certiorari denied. P. 614.104 Okla. 271, reversed.
ERROR to a judgment of the Supreme Court of Oklahoma which
reversed a judgment for the Mining Company in a suit to recover a
tax, paid under protest.
Page 610
Mr. A. Scott Thompson, with whomMessrs. A.C. Wallace, VernE. Thompson, andRay McNaughtonwere on the brief, for plaintiff in error.Mr. John H. Venable, with whomMessrs. A.L. CommonsandWm. H. Thomaswere on the brief, for defendant in error.

The United States Government has nothing to do with the organization of the mining company involved in this case. All the interest it has is to collect the royalties after the lead and zinc ore has been sold or its value ascertained — not in kind but in money. And, on failure of the mining company to comply with its lease, the Government may bring suit for the Indian for the royalty; and, for a failure to operate the mine in the manner provided, it may forfeit the lease. The State can tax even the operation of the mining company, where it is operating on land other than restricted Indian land, and the Government could as easily say you are placing a burden on an instrumentality.

No tangible property is ever exempt from taxation without some constitutional or statutory provision specifically exempting it; never by implication.McCullochv.Maryland, 4 Wheat. 116. What we are attempting in this case is to require a visible, tangible and very valuable class of property, found with the great mass of the property of the State, to bear its just burden ofad valoremtaxation along with other property in the State of the same class, and all other tangible property.TerritoryIlluminating Oil Co. v.Oklahoma,240 U.S. 522, andGillespiev.Oklahoma,259 U.S. 501, distinguished. No such case has been passed on by this Court where there was specific tangible property involved. Cf.Shafferv.Carter,252 U.S. 37;In re Skelton Lead Zinc Co.'s Gross Production Tax of1919,81 Okla. 134.

Ore extracted from rock or dirt after it is brought from the mine is the personal property of the person or corporationPage 611who has extracted it.Forbesv.Gracey,94 U.S. 762;Kans.Nat'l. Gas Co. v.Haskell, 172 F. 545;Thomsonv.UnionPac. Ry. Co., 9 Wall. 579. We have no doubt that Congress could authorize the creation of a corporation to mine for lead and zinc ores on restricted Indian lands, and specifically exempt any and all its property from state taxation, and might authorize the leasing of the land to corporations and thus exempt all the property of such a corporation, including the products of its mines; but we believe that, if such extreme regulation had been intended by the Acts of Congress, under which the petitioner holds its leases, the intention would have been expressed.VanAllenv.Assessors, 3 Wall. 573;Bradleyv.People, 4 Wall. 459. There is a clear distinction between the means employed by the Government and the property of agents of the Government in the performance of contracts with the Government.Thomsonv.Union Pac. Ry. Co., 9 Wall. 579;Gromerv.Standard Dredging Co.,224 U.S. 362;Thomasv.Gay,169 U.S. 264;Union Pac. Ry. Co. v.Peniston, 18 Wall. 5;Central Pac. R.R. Co. v.California,162 U.S. 91;Elderv.Wood,208 U.S. 226;Forbesv.Gracey,94 U.S. 762;UtahN.W. Ry. Co. v.Fisher,116 U.S. 28;Marocipa Pac. Ry. Co. v.Arizona,156 U.S. 347;Wagonerv.Evans,194 U.S. 588;Montana Catholic Missionsv.Missoula County Assessor,200 U.S. 118;Choctaw, O. G.R.R. Co. v.Harrison,235 U.S. 292;Gillespiev.Oklahoma,257 U.S. 501.
MR. JUSTICE BUTLER delivered the opinion of the Court.
The mining company sued in the District Court of Ottawa County to recover a tax of $2,319.80 paid under protest. The County Treasurer demurred to the petition asserting that it failed to state a cause of action. The demurrer was overruled, and judgment was given for the plaintiff. On appeal to the highest court of the State thePage 612judgment was reversed.104 Okla. 271. The case is here on writ of error. § 237, Judicial Code.

Briefly the facts are these. September 26, 1896, pursuant to the Act of March 2, 1895, c. 188,28 Stat. 876, 907, there was issued to Hum-bah-wat-tah Quapaw, a Quapaw Indian, a patent for an allotment of 40 acres of land in Ottawa County. The patent contained restrictions against alienation for twenty-five years, and by the Act of March 3, 1921, c. 119,41 Stat. 1225, 1248, that period was extended for an additional twenty-five years. The land is owned by the heirs of the allottee. The company has a mining lease on the restricted land on terms which provide for the payment of royalties or a percentage of the gross proceeds derived from the sale of ores mined. The amount sued for is anad valoremtax assessed by the county officials under § 9814, Compiled Statutes of 1921, on lead and zinc ores mined by the company in 1920, and which were in its bins on the land January 1, 1921. This tax is in addition to a gross production tax paid to the State Auditor. It was assessed on the ores in mass; and the royalties or equitable interests of the Indians had not been paid or segregated. Prior to the production of the ores taxed, the Secretary of the Interior determined the Indian owners to be incapable of managing their property and assumed control of it in their behalf. Act of June 7, 1897, c. 3,30 Stat. 62, 72. Since that time, the royalties have been paid directly to the Secretary.

The Quapaw Indians are under the guardianship of the United States. The land and Indian owners are bound by restrictions specified in the patent and the Acts referred to. It is the duty and established policy of the government to protect these dependents in respect of their property. The restrictions imposed are in furtherance of that policy.United Statesv.Noble,237 U.S. 74;Goodrumv.Buffalo, 162 F. 817. The lessee is anPage 613agency or instrumentality employed by the government for the development and use of the restricted land and to mine ores therefrom for the benefit of its Indian wards.Choctaw GulfR.R. v.Harrison,235 U.S. 292. It is elementary that the federal government in all its activities is independent of state control. This rule is broadly applied. And, without congressional consent, no federal agency or instrumentality can be taxed by state authority. "With regard to taxation, no matter how reasonable, or how universal and undiscriminating, the State's inability to interfere has been regarded as established sinceMcCullochv.Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316."Johnsonv.Maryland,254 U.S. 51,55. And seeFarmers Bankv.Minnesota,232 U.S. 516;Choctaw Gulf R.R. v.Harrison,supra; Gillespiev.Oklahoma,257 U.S. 501,505.

This court has considered a number of cases quite like the one now before us. InChoctaw Gulf R.R. v.Harrison, supra, there was an agreement by the United States that coal lands belonging in common to the members of the Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes should be mined, and that the royalties should be used for the Indians. The State imposed a tax equal to two per centum on the gross receipts from the total production of coal from the mine. It was held that it was an occupation or privilege tax, and that one having a mining lease made in furtherance of the governmental purpose could not be subjected to that burden. InIndian Oil Co. v.Oklahoma,240 U.S. 522, it was held that oil leases of land made by the Osage tribe were under the protection of the federal government, and that the State could not tax such leases either directly or as represented by the capital stock of the corporation owning them. It was said (p. 530): "A tax upon the leases is a tax upon the power to make them, and could be used to destroy the power to make them. If they cannot be taxed as entities they cannot be taxed vicariously by taxing the stock, whose only value is their value, orPage 614by taking the stock as an evidence or measure of their value, . . ." InHowardv.The Oil Companies,247 U.S. 503, this court affirmed,per curiam, the judgment of the United States District Court for the Western District of Oklahoma enjoining the enforcement of a tax imposed by the State on the gross value of the production of oil and gas, less the royalty interest, under leases upon Osage lands made for the benefit of the Indians. InLarge Oil Co. v.Howard,248 U.S. 549, this court reversed,per curiam, the judgment of the supreme court of Oklahoma (63 Okla. 143) sustaining a tax on gross value of production of petroleum and gas, less the royalty interest, where the owner of the property sought to be taxed was engaged under the authority of the Secretary of the Interior in the production of oil and gas in what formerly constituted the tribal lands of the Osage Nation. And inGillespiev.Oklahoma, supra, it was held that the net income derived by a lessee from the sale of his share of the oil and gas received under leases of restricted Creek and Osage lands could not be taxed by the State. In each of these cases the tax was condemned as an attempt to tax an instrumentality used by the United States in fulfilling its duties to the Indians.

In this case the lease was made to secure the development of the lands and obtain for the benefit of the restricted Indian owners a percentage of the gross proceeds of the ores to be mined. Thead valoremtax here in controversy was assessed on the ores in mass at the mine before sale, and that was an attempt to tax an agency of the federal government within the principle of the cases cited.

From abundance of caution the company presented a petition for a writ of certiorari; but, as a writ of error lies, the petition will be denied.Gillespiev.Oklahoma, supra, 506.Judgment reversed.Page 615

MR. JUSTICE McREYNOLDS is of opinion that the effect of the assailed tax upon the instrumentality of the United States is remote and tax is valid under the doctrine inCentral Pac. R.R. v.California,162 U.S. 91,119.
MR. JUSTICE BRANDEIS, dissenting.
The property taxed is lead and zinc ore in bins. The land from which the ore was extracted belongs to a Quapaw allottee under the Act of March 2, 1895, c. 188,28 Stat. 876, 907. Restrictions on alienation of the land will not expire until 1946. Act of March 3, 1921, c. 119, § 26,41 Stat. 1225, 1248. But the allottee may lease the land for mining and business purposes for ten years unless he is incompetent, in which case the power to lease is vested in the Secretary of the Interior. Act of June 7, 1897, c. 3,30 Stat. 62, 72. The ore in question had been detached from the soil and is personal property. It is owned wholly by the Mining Company, a private Oklahoma corporation organized for profit. The ore is assessed under the general laws of the State which lays anad valoremproperty tax on all property, real or personal, not exempt by law from taxation. Payment of the tax will not affect the financial return to the Indian under the lease. No state legislation exempts this property. There is no specific or general provision in any act of Congress which purports to do so. If an exemption exists, it arises directly from the Federal Constitution. Does ownership by an incompetent Indian of the land from which the ore was taken or ownership of the ore by an instrumentality of the Government create an exemption?

Is the ore exempt because it has been extracted out of restricted lands? The Quapaw might have conducted the mining operations himself. If he had been competent he might, without the approval of the Secretary of the InteriorPage 616have leased the land to others for mining purposes for a period of ten years. If he had operated the mine himself, I see no ground on which it could be held that his ore in the bins would not have been taxable to him, like any other unrestricted property to which he had absolute title.1The fact that he was incompetent does not render such property exempt from taxation.2Such incompetency results simply in the imposition of restrictions upon the alienation of his realty, exempting that from taxation.The Kansas Indians, 5 Wall. 737. But such restrictions cannot by implication be deemed to extend to personalty, even though the product of the realty, so as to exempt them from taxation. CompareMcCurdyv.United States,246 U.S. 263;United Statesv.Gray, 284 F. 103;UnitedStatesv.Ransom, 284 F. 108. Any exemption that attached to the land is limited thereto and does not extend to the ore extracted therefrom.Forbesv.Gracey,94 U.S. 762,765-766. CompareSouth Utah Minesv.Beaver County,262 U.S. 325.

Is the ore exempt because it is the property of an agency employed by the Government for the benefit of the Indian, its ward? We are not dealing here with property owned by the United States as inVan Brocklinv.Tennessee,117 U.S. 151, orLeev.Osceola, etc., Improvement District,268 U.S. 643; nor with an agency all of whose property was acquired and is used solely for the purpose of serving the Government as inClallamCountyv.United States,263 U.S. 341. We are dealing with a private "corporation having its own purposes as well as those of the United States and interested in profitPage 617on its own account,"ibid, p. 345. And we are dealing with a property tax, as distinguished from an occupation tax.Choctaw,Oklahoma Gulf Ry. Co. v.Harrison,235 U.S. 292;Oklahomav.Texas,266 U.S. 298,301. Whether, under the circumstances, Congress had power to exempt the ore from the general property tax, we need not consider. It has not done so in terms; and I see no reason for assuming that it intended to do so. CompareMid-Northern Oil Co. v.Montana,268 U.S. 45,49;Thompsonv.Kentucky,209 U.S. 340;Swartsv.Hamer,194 U.S. 441.

In 1873 this Court said: "It may, therefore, be considered as settled that no constitutional implications prohibit a State tax upon the property of an agent of the government merely because it is the property of such an agent."Railroad Co. v.Peniston, 18 Wall. 5, 33. The rule there applied with respect to a railroad incorporated under a federal charter has since been followed as to other federal instrumentalities also.Western Union Tel. Co. v.Massachusetts,125 U.S. 530;Central Pacific Railroad Co. v.California,162 U.S. 91;Baltimore Shipbuilding Co. v.Baltimore,195 U.S. 375;Gromerv.Standard Dredging Co.,224 U.S. 362;Choctaw, Oklahoma Gulf Ry. Co. v.Mackey,256 U.S. 531,537. CompareThompsonv.Pacific Railroad, 9 Wall. 579;National Bankv.Commonwealth, 9 Wall. 353, 362. It has been specifically applied to agencies, such as this mining company, whose employment was in aid of the Government's policy of protecting and developing the properties of its Indian wards.Thomasv.Gay,169 U.S. 264;Wagonerv.Evans,170 U.S. 588;Catholic Missionsv.Missoula County,200 U.S. 118. Those decisions seem to me controlling in the case at bar.

The rule that the property of a privately owned government agency is not exempt from state taxation rests fundamentally upon the principle that such a tax has only a remote relation to the capacity of such agenciesPage 618efficiently to serve the Government.3Such a tax, as distinguished from an occupation or privilege tax, does not impose a charge upon the privilege of acting as a government agent and thereby enable a State to control the power of the Federal Government to employ agents and the power of persons to accept such employment. The tax is levied as a charge by the State for rendering services relating to the protection of the property, which services are rendered alike to agents of the Government and of private persons. Such a tax cannot be deemed to be capable of deterring the entry of persons as agents into the employ of the Government. Conceivably an operating company might pay a higher royalty or bonus if it were assured that it would enjoy immunity from taxation for the small quantity of the year's output of the mine which might be in the ore bins on the day as of which property is assessed. Conceivably also, the cattle owner inThomasv.Gay, supra, might have paid higher for the grazing rights if the cattle while on the reservation were immune from taxation. But, in either case, the effect of the immunity, if any, upon the Indian's financial return would be remote and indirect. If we are to regard realities we should treat it as negligible.Page 619

The difference in the legal effect of acts which are remote causes and of those which are proximate pervades the law. The power of a State to tax property and its lack of power to tax the occupation in which it is used exist in other connections. InBaltimore Shipbuilding Co. v.Baltimore,195 U.S. 375,382, where the State had levied a tax upon property conveyed by the United States to the Shipbuilding Company on the condition that it construct a dry dock there for the use of the United States and that, if such dry dock were not kept in repair, the property should revert to the United States, this Court said: "But, furthermore, it seems to us extravagant to say that an independent private corporation for gain, created by a State, is exempt from state taxation, either in its corporate person, or its property, because it is employed by the United States, even if the work for which it is employed is important and takes much of its time."

I suspect that my brethren would agree with me in sustaining this tax on ore in the bins but forGillespiev.Oklahoma,257 U.S. 501. The question there involved was different. Any language in the opinion which may seem apposite to the case at bar, should be disregarded as inconsistent with the earlier decisions. It is a peculiar virtue of our system of law that the process of inclusion and exclusion, so often employed in developing a rule, is not allowed to end with its enunciation and that an expression in an opinion yields later to the impact of facts unforeseen. The attitude of the Court in this respect has been especially helpful when called upon to adjust the respective powers of the States and the Nation in the field of taxation.4Page 620
  1. Page 616Pennockv.Commissioners,103 U.S. 44;Goudyv.Meath,203 U.S. 146. ↩
  2. Page 616Keokukv.Ulam,4 Okla. 5. The exemption granted the personalty of the Indians inUnited Statesv.Rickerts,188 U.S. 432, and inUnited Statesv.Pearson, 231 F. 270, rested upon the express ground that title to the property was held by the United States in trust for the Indians. ↩
  3. Page 618 "It is, therefore, manifest that exemption of Federal agencies from State taxation is dependent, not upon the nature of the agents, or upon the mode of their constitution, or upon the fact that they are agents, but upon the effect of the tax; that is, upon the question whether the tax does in truth deprive them of power to serve the government as they were intended to serve it, or does hinder the efficient exercise of their power. A tax upon their property has no such necessary effect. It leaves them free to discharge the duties they have undertaken to perform. A tax upon their operations is a direct obstruction to the exercise of Federal powers."Railroad Co. v.Peniston, 18 Wall. 5, 36. See T.R. Powell, "Indirect Encroachment on Federal Authority by the Taxing Powers of the States," 31 Harvard Law Rev. 321, 327; J.H. Cohen and K. Dayton, "Federal Taxation of State Activities and State Taxation of Federal Activities," 34 Yale Law Journ. 807. ↩
  4. Page 619 SeeSonneborn Bros. v.Cureton,262 U.S. 506, qualifyingTexas Co. v.Brown,258 U.S. 466;Bowmanv.ContinentalOil Co.,256 U.S. 642;Askrenv.Continental Oil Co.,252 U.S. 444;Standard Oil Co. v.Graves,249 U.S. 389; alsoGalveston, Harrisburg San Antonio Ry. Co. v.Texas,210 U.S. 217,226, qualifyingMainev. Page 620Grand Trunk Ry. Co.,142 U.S. 217;Leloupv.Port ofMobile,127 U.S. 640,647, qualifyingOsbornev.Mobile, 16 Wall. 479;Philadelphia S.S. Co. v.Pennsylvania,122 U.S. 326, qualifyingState Tax on Railway Gross Receipts, 15 Wall. 284;Mercantile Bankv.New York,121 U.S. 138,147, qualifyingBoyerv.Boyer,113 U.S. 689;Railway Co. v.McShane, 22 Wall. 444, qualifyingRailway Co. v.Prescott, 16 Wall. 603. CompareFirst Nat'l Bank of Guthrie Centerv.Anderson,269 U.S. 341,348, explainingMerchants' NationalBankv.Richmond,256 U.S. 635;Texas TransportationTerminal Co. v.New Orleans,264 U.S. 150, andCrew LevickCo. v.Pennsylvania,245 U.S. 292,296, limitingFecklinv.Shelby County Taxing District,145 U.S. 1;Baltimore OhioSouthwestern R.R. Co. v.Settle,260 U.S. 166,173, qualifyingGulf, Colorado Santa Fe Ry. Co. v.Texas,204 U.S. 403. ↩