ROMERO v. ALLSTATE INS., 344 Fed.Appx. 785 (3rd Cir. 2009)

The plaintiffs in these three cases — which we shall refer to asRomero I, Romero II, andEEOC— allege that they were harmed by Allstate's transition from a system where insurance agents were company employees to a system where the agents were independent contractors, and by Allstate's alteration of its employee retirement plan.¹After many years of litigation, the District Court granted Allstate's dispositive motions in a two-page order. The order is conclusory in tone and contentPage 788and simply fails to do justice to the myriad issues before the court. This has made our ability to carry out our review function difficult, indeed. We will vacate the order and remand the cases to the District Court. Given what we perceive to be the disinclination of the District Court to give full consideration to the procedural and substantive nuances of those cases, we will direct that the matter be reassigned.I. Background²

In the course of Allstate's transition from an employee-agent program to an independent-contractor program, in 2000, all employee agents operating under the earlier agreements known as R830 and R1500 contracts were terminated. They were given four post-termination options, the first three of which involved the signing of a release that barred future claims against Allstate. Under the options that required the signing of the release, each employee would: 1) become an independent contractor; or 2) become an independent contractor temporarily and then sell the book of business to an Allstate-approved buyer; or 3) leave Allstate and receive a full year's salary as severance pay. The fourth option, and the only one that did not require signing of the release, was to receive 13 weeks' salary as severance. Virtually all of the eligible employee agents took one of the first three options and signed the release. All of the current plaintiffs signed the release.³

In 1991, before the conversion to an all-independent-contractor workforce, Allstate retroactively amended its pension plan. Allstate says that it made these amendments in response to the Tax Reform Act of 1986, which required companies to adopt benefits formulas that did not discriminate in favor of highly compensated employees. The amendments included changes to the way Allstate calculated early retirement benefits. In 1994, Allstate re-adopted its 1991 plan amendments, some of which were the subject of litigation at that time inScott v. Admin.Comm. of the Allstate Agents Pension Plan, No. 93-1419,1995 WL 661096(M.D.Fla. Sept.15, 1995), and adopted a new amendment changing eligibility for early retirement benefits.

The three cases on appeal were filed in 2001. Over the course of the subsequent eight years, there have been numerous motions to dismiss, motions for summary judgment, motions to compel, and motions for reconsideration, as well as a 2004 declaratory judgment that the releases were voidable, and an appeal to our court and a remand to the District Court inRomero II.

On March 21, 2007, after the plaintiffs had asked Chief Judge Bartle to reassign the cases because of the District Court's ongoing failure to act on pending motions, the District Court entered an order stating its intent to grant Allstate's outstanding motions (for dismissal inRomero IIand for summary judgment inRomero I/EEOC) based on several other cases that the court said had already considered and ruled on the transactions at issue,Isbell v. Allstate his.Co.,418 F.3d 788(7th Cir. 2005),⁴Scott v. Admin.Comm. of the Allstate Agents Pension, Plan,113 F.3d 1193Page 789(11th Cir. 1997),⁵andSwain v. Allstate Ins. Co., No. 96-0998 (S.D.Fla. Jan. 22, 1999).⁶The court also advised the parties that it was rethinking its 2004 ruling that the releases were voidable, and believed it was in error and should be vacated. It gave the parties 20 days to file additional memoranda. The plaintiffs responded to the District Court's order, arguing, in part, that the releases were part of an illegal scheme, that their execution was not knowing or voluntary, and that they were unconscionable. The plaintiffs also protested that they had not had the opportunity for discovery beyond a brief period of class discovery.

On June 20, 2007, the District Court issued an order granting Allstate's motion to dismiss inRomero IIand its motion for summary judgment inRomero I/EEOC.The court said that "for the reasons stated in"ScottandSwain, the amendments to Allstate's pension plan at issue inRomero IIwere validly adopted and effective. It also stated thatIsbell"warrants the conclusion that plaintiffs' claims of ERISA violations, age discrimination, and retaliation must fail." (Joint App. 13.) The court ordered that, "[t]o the extent that this Court's Order of March 3[sic], 2004 declared that the releases were voidable, that decision was in error and is hereby vacated. Alternatively, the validity of the releases has become moot." (Joint App. 13.) The order gave the parties 20 days to submit "any issues that must be resolved before the case-files are closed." (Joint App. 14.) The parties submitted additional papers. The District Court did not issue a final judgment.⁷The plaintiffsPage 790filed a notice of appeal on November 26, 2007.II. Discussion⁸

The plaintiffs in these cases raise numerous ways in which the District Court's opinion and conduct of the proceedings fell short, including, but not limited to, its failure to explain whyScott, Swain, andIsbellshould be given res judicata or collateral estoppel effect, or controlling weight, here (especially sinceScottandSwaindid not consider the anti-cutback amendments); why the plaintiffs are not entitled to the discovery they requested; why the ADEA claims are controlled byIsbell; and how the court resolved the counts which were not reached in its opinion. We do not seek to address all of these issues here: indeed, the lack of explication by the District Court renders our review function as to these aspects of the cases nearly impossible. In this opinion, we focus on the release signed by all of the current plaintiffs. If the release is valid, it bars the claims of the plaintiffs inRomero I, Count II ofRomero II, andEEOC.⁹The plaintiffs, however, did not have sufficient discovery into the facts surrounding the signing of the releases, or sufficient time to produce it, given the court's about-face in 2007, and there is insufficient evidence in the record, let alone in the reasoning provided by the court, as to whether the releases were signed knowingly or voluntarily, or were unconscionable. If the releases are not valid, then the District Court needs to address a number of issues, namely the merits of all the claims inRomero IIand the common law claims of breach of contract and breach of fiduciary duty inRomero I, that it must consider in the first instance. We will remand to the District Court for further discovery into the validity of the releases.

It is arguable that, even if the releases are not valid, the ERISA § 510 claims and the ADEA claims of discrimination and retaliation were properly dismissed because of the plaintiffs' failure to adducePage 791evidence showing a dispute as to a genuine issue of material fact on those issues. However, it is difficult on the record before us to determine whether discovery on these claims was sufficient. We will therefore remand to the District Court for further consideration of these claims. In so doing, we charge the District Court with reviewing the discovery requests and determining whether the plaintiffs were afforded sufficient opportunity for discovery on the ERISA § 510 and the ADEA discrimination and retaliation claims. If not, the District Court should permit further discovery as necessary.A. The Release

The release that the plaintiffs signed is very broad. We reproduce the waiver language here:

In return for the consideration that I am receiving under the Program, I hereby release, waive, and forever discharge Allstate Insurance Company . . . from any and all liability, actions, charges, causes of action, demands, damages, entitlements or claims for relief or remuneration of any kind whatsoever, whether known or unknown, or whether previously asserted or unassorted, stated or unstated, arising out of, connected with, or related to, my employment and/or the termination of my employment and my R830 or R1500 Agent Agreement with Allstate, or my transition to independent contractor status, including, but not limited to, all matters in law, in equity, in contract, or in tort, or pursuant to statute, including any claim for age or other types of discrimination prohibited under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Americans With Disabilities Act, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act ("ERISA"), the Illinois Human Rights Act, and the West Virginia Human Rights Act as those acts have been amended, or any other federal, state, or local law or ordinance or the common law. I further agree that if any claim is made in my behalf with respect to any matter released and waived above, I hereby waive any rights I may have with respect thereto and agree not to take any payments or other benefits from such claim. I understand that this release and waiver does not apply to any future claims that may arise after I sign this Release or to any benefits to which I am entitled in accordance with any Allstate plan subject to ERISA by virtue of my employment with Allstate prior to my employment termination date.

(Joint App. 2352.) The release also includes an acknowledgment for signers:

I acknowledge that:

(a) I have read this Release, and I understand its legal and binding effect. I am acting voluntarily and of my own free will in executing this Release.

(b) I have had the opportunity to seek, and I was advised in writing to seek the advice of an attorney prior to signing this release. . . .

(c) I was given at least 45 days to consider the terms of the Program, including this Release, before signing it. I understand that I may make an election under the Program before forty-five (45) days, but I am under no obligation to do so.

(Joint App. 2352.)

The release also includes a revocation period:

I understand that if I sign this Release, I can change my mind and revoke it within seven days after signing it. I understand that the Release and Waiver set forth in the first paragraph and the consideration available under the Program above will not be effective untilPage 792after this seven-day period has expired. . . . I understand that a decision to revoke or rescind within such period should be submitted in writing to my Human Resource Manager. If I do not revoke within the seven-day period discussed above . . ., then the Release will become fully effective.

(Joint App. 2352.)

1. The District Court's Decisions Regarding theRelease

In March of 2004, the District Court found that the release was voidable "at the option of the employee-agent" because the Older Workers Benefit Protection Act ("OWBPA") says that no waiver agreement can prohibit an individual from filing a charge of discrimination with the EEOC.See29 U.S.C. § 626;29 C.F.R. § 1625.22(I)(2) ("[N]o waiver agreement may include any provision prohibiting any individual from . . . filing a charge or complaint, including a challenge to the validity of the waiver agreement, with the EEOC") The District Court issued a declaratory judgment allowing each plaintiff who signed the release to tender back¹⁰the benefits he had received in order to void the release.

In December of 2005, Allstate filed a motion for summary judgment inRomero I/EEOC, arguing, in part, that the release was valid. Allstate citedIsbell v. Allstate Ins.Co.,418 F.3d 788,797(7th Cir. 2005), a case in which two former Allstate employee agents, one of whom signed the release and one of whom did not, alleged retaliation, discrimination, and unlawful termination in connection with Allstate's transition to the independent contractor program. The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit held that the release was valid and found no discrimination or retaliation under the ADEA, the ADA, Title VII, or ERISA. In itsRomeroI/EEOCsummary judgment motion, Allstate also argued that the District Court's reasoning that the charge-filing ban in the release made it voidable was contrary to our decision inWastak v. Lehigh Valley Health Network,342 F.3d 281,290(3d Cir. 2003), in which we upheld the validity of a release despite the fact that it contained a charge-filing ban. InWastak, we held that29 U.S.C. § 626(f)(4) made it unlawful to enforce a ban on filing an EEOC charge, but that the statute contained no language to suggest that "the mere presence of that contractual language would void an otherwise knowing and voluntary waiver."Id.The District Court citedIsbellin its June 20, 2007, order granting Allstate's dispositive motions and vacating its previous order that the releases were voidable.2. The Parties' Arguments About the Release

From the start of the litigation, the plaintiffs have argued that the releases are invalid. On appeal, they argue that genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether the plaintiffs signed the releases knowingly and voluntarily. The plaintiffs allege that Allstate refused to negotiate the release and exerted extreme economic pressure, made misrepresentations about the independent contractor program, and did not comply with disclosure requirements under the OWBPA. The plaintiffs also contend that the release is part of an illegal scheme, and that it is unconscionable both procedurally and substantively because the release is so favorable to Allstate.Page 793

Plaintiffs argue, further, that they did not have sufficient discovery into the facts surrounding the signing of the releases. From March of 2004 to December of 2005, they had proceeded under the District Court's declaratory judgment that the release was voidable. With Allstate's motion for summary judgment, the release was at issue again. The plaintiffs filed a motion to deny or stay the summary judgment motion so that they could conduct merits discovery, and they filed a Rule 56(f) affidavit that described the brief period that the District Court had allowed for "class discovery" in 2002 and 2003, the plaintiffs' multiple document requests, and the motions to compel discovery that the District Court had denied without resolving the underlying disputes. The court did not rule on the motion to stay.

Allstate counters that discovery was not limited to class issues, and points to its production of three Fed.R.Civ.P. Rule30(b)(6) witnesses and 126,000 pages of documents produced, (including 68,000 pages from theIsbelllitigation). It argues that not only was discovery sufficient, but that the release is valid: the plaintiffs are well-educated, experienced businesspeople whose work involved parsing contract language; they had almost six months to consider signing the release and a week after signing in which to revoke; they were encouraged to consult attorneys before signing; they received ample consideration in exchange for their assent; and they expressly represented that they signed the releases voluntarily and of their own free will.3. Why the Release is Potentially Dispositive

If the release is valid, it bars the plaintiffs' claims inRomero I, where the plaintiffs allege violations of the ADEA and ERISA, as well as common law claims of breach of contract and breach of fiduciary duty. It would also bar the claims inEEOCthat Allstate retaliated against the plaintiffs in violation of the ADEA. All of these claims are covered by the broad language of the release, which specifically mentions both those statutes and common law claims. It also bars the plaintiffs' claims in Count II ofRomero II, where the plaintiffs claim violations of ERISA § 404, which provides an equitable remedy for a breach of fiduciary duty claim.¹¹

We believe the District Court should reexamine the validity of the release, after allowing further discovery into the facts surrounding the signing of the releases. The plaintiffs had a relatively short period of class discovery, and approximately half of the documents Allstate produced were documents from theIsbelllitigation. WhileIsbellis certainly relevant to the plaintiffs' cases here, the plaintiffs are entitled to discovery that is responsive to their requests related to the specific release-related issues the plaintiffs raised with the District Court in their response to its March 21, 2007, Order: that the releases were part of an illegal scheme; that they were not signed knowingly or voluntarily; and that they were unconscionable.Page 794

If, after discovery and briefing on these issues, the District Court determines that the releases are valid, then the claims inRomero I, Count II ofRomero II, andEEOCare barred. If, however, the District Court determines that the releases are not valid, the District Court needs to address all of the underlying claims and issues that it did not decide in its June 20, 2007, Order, some of which we referred to above, namely, the common law claims of breach of contract and breach of fiduciary duty and all the claims inRomero II.We are confident that on remand the parties can spell these out for the District Court, as they have done for us on appeal, including the plaintiffs' claim that discovery as to these issues and the release should be permitted.¹²

For the reasons set forth above, we will VACATE the Order of the District Court and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion.