Wolf v. United States

KNAPP, Circuit Judge.

The plaintiffs in error, Sam Wolf and Benjamin Wolf, who are brothers, were both convicted of. concealing property in violation of section 29b of the Bankruptcy Act. There is no reason to doubt the guilt of Benjamin Wolf, and the only question here, assuming that demurrers to the indictments were properly overruled, is whether the evidence against Sam Wolf was sufficient to warrant submission to the jury.

The record shows these facts: For the last 11 years and upwards Sam Wolf has lived and carried on, apparently with some success, a mercantile business at Johnson’s, S. C. Prior to that he was a peddler. In the early part of 1913 he started another store at Aiken, some 30 miles distant, which he conducted, with the aid of Benjamin Wolf, for about a year in his own name. He then had the business incorporated, as the Aiken Dry Goods Company, for the reason, as he says, that he was only able to run the store at Johnson’s, and so turned over the Aiken store to his brother. How the capital stock was divided between them, or otherwise owned, is not disclosed; but Sam Wolf was president of the company, and Ben Wolf its secretary and treasurer. The latter, according to the proof, had entire charge of the business. He bought all the goods, attended to the sales with the help of a clerk, and generally to all appearance managed the store as though it belonged to himself. Sam Wolf came over from Johnson’s more or less frequently, sometimes once a week, sometimes once a month, or at longer intervals. Many of his visits, perhaps the greater number, w,ere made on Sunday. Upon this point his own testimony is not materially different from that of the government’s witnesses. What he did when there is not shown, *904 nor the length of his stay on any occasion. In short, except the fact that he was president of the company and now and then visited the store, there is no evidence whatever that he knew anything about the condition of the business, or had any reason to suspect that his brother, in the fall of 1914, was secretly removing to other places/a considerable portion of the stock of goods then on hand.

In January, Í915, the Aiken Dry Goods Company was adjudicated an involuntary bankrupt, and a trustee appointed in due course. It was found upon investigation that Benjamin Wolf, some two or three months before, had taken from the store large quantities of merchandise, mostly shoes and men’s clothing, and concealed the same at two farmhouses in the country, each about a dozen miles away but in different directions from Aiken. The goods taken to one of these places were carried by the farmer who owned it, and he testified that he did so at the request of Ben Wolf and some time in the month of November. The goods taken to the other place were shown to have been carried there by Ben Wolf himself about the last of September or first of October. The property thus discovered was turned over to the trustee and sold by him in March, 1915. Not long afterwards both brothers were indicted.

The testimony at the trial covers nearly 60 pages of the printed record, but the bulk of it relates solely to the matters just mentioned, the finding of a quantity of merchandise at the two 'farmhouses, its identification as part of the stock of the Aiken store, its transfer to town and deliver}'' to the trustee, and its appraisal and sale by him. Of proof that even tends to connect Sam Wolf in any way with the removal or concealment of this property there is not the slightest word. Indeed, so far as he is concerned, the evidence is not only, unconvincing but exceedingly meager. Whilst the guilt of Ben Wolf was abundantly proven, the .case against Sam Wolf appears to rest wholly upon inference and conjecture.

In saying this we do not overlook the claim that Sam Wolf on one occasion directed Powell, the clerk, to buy tickets and check three trunks to Johnson’s. The fact asserted, however, is by no means established. Powell virtually denies it on the witness stand, though he seems to admit, in answer to a question including other-elements, that he so told the government’s representatives the night before. Without reviewing his testimony in detail, it is sufficient to note that as a witness he refuses to say that the trunks were checked at Sam Wolf’s direction; nor does he concede, when the specific question is put to him, that he had so stated in the district attorney’s office. On the contrary, he avers positively that Sam Wolf did not give him the money for the tickets, and adds, “I don’t think he was there that day.” It is also to be noted that Powell was not asked whose trunks they were, when they were brought there, from what part of the store they were taken, whether he knew anything about their contents, nor, strangely enough, to whom the checks and tickets were delivered. In short, and to say the least, the proo'f that Sam Wolf directed the shipment of these trunks is far from persuasive. But assuming he did, or that a jury might so find, we are quite unable to see that it indicates any wrong *905 doing on his part. Powell says, and nothing appears to the contrary, that it was a common occurrence to ship trunks from this store, that drummers very often left their trunks there, that goods sold to customers were frequently sent out in trunks and' boxes, and that he shipped the trunks in question “like I always did the others/’ In a word, taking all the testimony into account, it seems to us that the incident here considered cannot fairly be regarded as even suspicious; and this impression is confirmed by the fact that no effort appears to have been made to trace the movement of these trunks, to find out whether they were actually taken to Johnson’s, and, if so, what was done with them when they got there, or to ascertain whether there were any goods in the store at that place, or elsewhere under Sam Wolf’s control, which had previously been in the Aiken store. Moreover, on the government’s theory that Sam Wolf was conspiring with his brother to remove and conceal a large portion of the Aiken stock, it is certainly a tax upon credulity to suppose that he would openly engage in sending by public conveyance trunks of merchandise from that stock to his own store at Johnson’s. In other words, the circumstance of which so much is sought to be made is fully consistent with.honest purpose; it is absurdly inconsistent with criminal intent. Granting that it happened, we are of opinion that it gives rib support to the charge against Sam Wolf.

[1, 2] The case against him, then, rests wholly upon the fact that he was president of the Aiken Company and visited the store from time to time as above stated. Is this sufficient to justify the jury in finding a verdict of conviction? We are constrained, after careful study of the record, to answer this question in the negative, and our reasons for so concluding will be briefly outlined. To begin with, the testimony shows that the goods removed by Ben Wolf were carried away in trunks and packing cases, leaving the pasteboard boxes, or cartons, in which they had been kept for sale, standing on the shelves. Smoak, the trustee, says they found a great many empty boxes in sight in the store, with others having in them little or nothing of value, and he repeats the statement that if these boxes had been full of goods there would not have been any bankruptcy. The only reasonable inference from this is that the store to all appearance contained the usual stock of merchandise. That is to say, it looked just the same after the depletion as it did before. There was nothing open to the eye which would suggest what Ben Wolf had done. This being so, it is surely not impossible, even if it be improbable, that Sam Wolf was the victini of shrewd deception. That he had confidence in his brother is evidenced by the fact that he gave over to him the entire conduct of the Aiken store. On the assumption that he himself had no unlawful design, and that he trusted Ben Wolf as a brother would naturally be trusted, it seems to us quite within the bounds of belief that he remained unaware of the fraud until bankruptcy brought on exposure. Certainly, as we see it, there is no proof of anything done or said by him which warrants the inference that he had prior knowledge of Ben Wolf’s misconduct. True, he was the nominal head of the concern, presumably had a large interest in the- business, visited the store at varying inter *906 vals, and had opportunity doubtless to find out that a considerable part of the stock had disappeared. But moral probability, however strong, cannot take the place of legal evidence, and inferences which the jury may draw in a case like this must be based upon facts which of themselves tend to establish the guilt of the accused. In our judgment, such a basis is not found in the case here presented.

[3] In the face of a situation like this, where suspicion is almost instinctive, we are liable to forget the nature and degree of that protection which the law affords by the presumption of innocence'. It may therefore be profitable to recall the forceful words of Mr. Justice (now Chief Justice) White, in Coffin v. United States, 156 U. S. 458, 15 Sup. Ct. 404, 39 L. Ed. 481:

“Now tlie presumption of innocence is a conclusion drawn by tbie law in favor of tbe citizen, by virtue whereof, when brought to trial upon a criminal charge, he must be acquitted, unless he is proven to be guilty. In other words, this presumption is an instrument of proof created by the law in favor of one accused, whereby his innocence is established until sufficient evidence is introduced, to overcome the proof which the law has created.”

As already said, the only evidence against Sam Wolf is the fact that he was president of the company and more or less often visited the store. This might be enough in a civih.proceeding to make him responsible for the acts of his brother, but it is not enough, we are persuaded, to • support the inference that he committed the crime of “knowingly and fraudulently” concealing property belonging to the bankrupt estate. The “proof created by the law” is not overcome by evidence merely of facts which are not plainly inconsistent with innocence. To hold otherwise is to assume, as the government contends, that, because Sam Wolf was president and came to the store now and then, he not only might have known and ought to have known, but that he must have known, what his brother was doing. In our judgment the latter assumption is clearly unwarranted, and it therefore results that the verdict against him rests in reality upon plausible conjecture and not upon proof of incriminating facts. It may be true, as the learned district attorney asserts in his brief, that Sam Wolf is the chief culprit and most deserving of punishment because he instigated the whole fraudulent scheme; and it may also be true, as is further asserted, that his appearance on the witness stand and manner of testifying induced the belief that he was undoubtedly guilty. But this is simply begging the question, since it is plain that opinion based upon probability is wholly insufficient to overcome the legal presumption, and equally plain that a defendant is not to be convicted because the jury think that he looks like a criminal. In short, we are convinced that no case for submission was made against Sam Wolf, and therefore a verdict in his favor should have been directed.

[4] A word as to the validity of the indictments. They are alleged to be bad for the reason that the crime of concealing property, as defined by section 29b, can be committed only by a bankrupt, and therefore as the bankrupt here is the Aiken Dry Goods Company, and not either Sam Wolf or Benjamin Wolf as individuals, that they are immune from prosecution. The contention is not without merit or the support of judicial opinion. United States v. Lake (D. C.) 129 Fed. *907 499; Field v. United States, 137 Fed. 6, 69 C. C. A. 568. The Supreme Court, also, in United States v. Rabinowich, 238 U. S. 78, 35 Sup. Ct. 682, 59 L. Ed. 1211, said that the question “is at least doubtful,” and refrained from deciding it. The contrary view is held in United States v. Young & Holland Co. (C. C.) 170 Fed. 110, where the subject is fully discussed and a number of decisions cited. See, also, Cohen v. United States, 157 Fed. 651, 85 C. C. A. 113; United States v. Freed (C. C.) 179 Fed. 236; Roukous v. United States, 195 Fed. 353, 115 C. C. A. 255; Kaufman v. United States, 212 Fed. 613, 129 C. C. A. 149, Ann. Cas. 1916C, 466; and the opinion of the learned district judge overruling the demurrers in this case. We are better satisfied with the reasoning of these later cases, and therefore disposed to follow them until the question is otherwise decided by the court of last resort. Besides, we think the indictments should be sustained, under the authorities just cited, on the counts charging the defendants with aiding and abetting the concealment of the bankrupt’s property.

The conclusion we reach is that the judgment against Benjamin Wolf should be affirmed, but the judgment against Sam Wolf should be reversed, and the case as to him remanded, with instructions to grant a new trial.

Reversed.

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